2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试

管理类专业硕士联考

 

Section I  Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A.B.C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

 

Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight changes. __1__ , when done too often ,this habit can sometimes hurt more than it __2__ .

Weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing __3__ on the scale. That was counterproductive to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of __4__ the number on the scale. I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to __5__ my goals.

I also found weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate __6__ of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice significant changes in weight __7__altering your training program. The most __8__ changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.

For these __9__, I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule __10__. Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to __11__ my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and __12__ any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to __13__ my training program.

I also use my bimonthly weigh-in __14__ to provide information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly __15__ and dropping weight, this is a __16__ that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.

The __17__ to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I am experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a __18__ morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, __19__ I’m training according to those goals, instead of numbers on a scale.

Rather than __20__ over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel, how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.

 

1. [A] Therefore        [B] Otherwise         [C] However          [D] Besides

2. [A] cares            [B] warns             [C] reduces           [D] helps

3. [A] solely            [B] occasionally        [C] formally          [D] initially

4. [A] lowering         [B] explaining          [C] accepting         [D] recording

5. [A] set              [B] review             [C] reach            [D] modify

6. [A] depiction         [B] distribution         [C] prediction        [D] definition

7. [A] regardless of      [B] aside from          [C] along with        [D] due to

8. [A] rigid             [B] precise             [C] immediate        [D] orderly

9. [A] judgment         [B] reasons            [C] methods          [D] claims

10. [A] though          [B] again              [C] indeed           [D] instead

11. [A] track            [B] overlook           [C] conceal           [D] report

12. [A] approve of        [B] hold onto           [C] account for        [D] depend on

13. [A] share             [B] adjust             [C] confirm           [D] prepare

14. [A] features           [B] rules              [C] tests             [D] results

15. [A] anxious           [B] hungry             [C] sick              [D] bored

16. [A] secret             [B] belief              [C] sign             [D] principle

17. [A] necessity          [B] decision            [C] wish             [D] request

18. [A] surprising          [B] restricting          [C] consuming        [D] disappointing

19. [A] because           [B] unless              [C] until             [D] if

20. [A] dominating         [B] puzzling            [C] triumphing        [D] obsessing

 

 

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Direction :

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child ’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”, rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.

In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It evokes Freud’s ideas and religious hang-ups. More important, guilt is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Who would inflict it upon a child？Yet this understanding is outdated.”There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve.”Vaish says ,adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness (think mania) can be destructive.

Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy (and its close cousin empathy) may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.

In a 2014 study, for example, Malti and a colleague looked at 244 children, ages 4, 8 and 12. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, they rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions (like guilt and sadness) after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed stickers and chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.

 

21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help       .

 

[A] regulate a child's basic emotions

 

[B] improve a child's intellectual ability

 

[C] intensify a child's positive feelings

 

[D] foster a child's moral development

 

22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still find guilt to be______.

 

[A] deceptive

[B] addictive

[C] burdensome

[D] inexcusable

23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that______.

[A] an emotion can play opposing roles

[B] emotions are socially constructive

[C] emotional stability can benefit health

[D] emotions are context-independent

24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing______.

[A] may help correct emotional deficiencies

[B] can bring about emotional satisfaction

[C] can result from either sympathy or guilt

[D] may be the out outcome of impulsive acts

25. The word “transgression” (line 5, paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to______.

[A] wrongdoings

[B] discussions

[C] restrictions

[D] teachings

Text 2

Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.

Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap — but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.

The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest, including by controlled burning. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off bark beetles. The landscape is rendered less combustible. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.

The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and beetles have killed more than 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have scorched hundreds of thousands of acres.

California's plan envisions treating 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 — financed from the proceeds of the state's emissions-permit auctions. That's only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, an estimated half a million acres in all, so it will be important to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.

The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber, burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels, or used in compost or animal feed. New research on transportation biofuels is under way, and the state plans to encourage lumber production close to forest lands. In future the state proposes to take an inventory of its forests' carbon-storing capacity every five years.

State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, including those owned by the U.S. Forest Service, but traditionally they’ve focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California's plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor early next year, should serve as a model.

26. By saying “one of the harder challenges”, the author implies that______.

[A] forests may become a potential threat

[B] people may misunderstanding global warming

[C] extreme weather conditions may arise

[D] global climate change may get out of control

27. To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks”, we may need to______.

[A] lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity

[B] strike a balance among different plants

[C] accelerate the growth of young trees

[D] preserve the diversity of species in them

28. California's Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to______.

[A] cultivate more drought-resistant trees

[B] find more effective ways to kill insects

[C] reduce the density of some of its forests

[D] restore its forests quickly after wildfires

29. What is essential to California's plan according to paragraph 5?

[A] To carry it out before the year of 2020.

[B] To handle the areas in serious danger first.

[C] To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.

[D] To obtain enough financial support.

30. The author's attitude to California's plan can best be described as ______.

[A] ambiguous

[B] tolerant

[C] cautious

[D] supportive

Text 3

American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now. Given a multi-year decline in illegal immigration, and a similarly sustained pickup in the U.S. job market, the complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.

Efforts to create a more straightforward agricultural-workers visa that would enable foreign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry have so far failed in Congress. If this doesn't change. American businesses, communities and consumers will be the losers.

Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the U.S., the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today's farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled, rather than migrating, and more likely to be married than single. They are also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now, more than half are. And crop picking is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it has been all along: Native U.S. workers won't be returning to the farm.

Mechanization is not the answer either — not yet at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans and wheat have been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots currently do only a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they are automated.

As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.

The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 annually. Even so, employers frequently complain that they aren't allotted all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A workers to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late. And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.

In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.

 

31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?

[A] Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.

[B] Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.

[C] Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.

[D] Decline of job opportunities in U.S. agriculture.

32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is       .

[A] the rising number of illegal immigrants

[B] the high mobility of crop workers

[C] the lack of experienced labors

[D] the aging of immigrant farm workers

33. What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?

[A] To attract younger laborers to farm work.

[B] To get native U.S. workers back farming.

[C] To use more robots to grow high-value crops.

[D] To strengthen financial support for farmers.

34. Agricultural employees complain about the H-21 visa for its       .

[A] slow granting procedures

[B] limit on duration of stay

[C] tightened requirements

[D] control of annual admissions

35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?

[A] U.S. Agriculture in Decline

[B] Import food of Labor?

[C] America Saved by Mexico

[D] Manpower vs Automation

 

Text 4

 

Arnold Schwarzenegger. Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It's easy to beat plastic. They're part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day — encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.

The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals.

My biggest concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have “done our bit” without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions — a kind of “moral licensing” that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.

While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we're ignoring the balance of power that implies that as “consumers” we must shop sustainably, rather than as “citizens” hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.

It's important to acknowledge that the environment isn't everyone's priority- or even most people's. We shouldn't expect it to be. In her latest book. Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things. Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.

This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.” There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.

DeSombre isn't saying people should stop caring about the environment. It's just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.

None of this is about writing off the individual. It's just about putting things into perspective. We don't have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting businesses) , alongside engaged citizens pushing for change. That's not something we can buy.

 

36. Some celebrities star in a new video to       .

[A] demand new laws on the use of plastics

[B] urge consumers to cut the use of plastics

[C] invite public opinion on the plastic crisis

[D] disclose the causes of the plastic crisis

37. The author is concerned that “moral licensing” may       .

[A] mislead us into doing worthless things

[B] prevent us from making further efforts

[C] weaken our sense of accomplishment

[D] suppress our desire for success

38. By pointing out our identity as“citizens”, the author indicates that       .

[A] our focus should be shifted to community welfare

[B] our relationship with local industries is improving

[C]we have been actively exercising our civil rights

[D] we should press our governments to lead the combat

39. De Sombre argues that the best way for a collective changes should be       .

[A] a win-win arrangement

[B] a self-driven mechanism

[C]a cost-effective approach

[D] a top-down process

40. The author concludes that individual efforts       .

[A] can be too aggressive

[B] are far from sufficient

[C] can be too inconsistent

[D] are far from rational

 

Part B

 

Directions:

 

Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET (10 points).

 

In choosing a new home. Camille McClain's kids had a single demand: a backyard. That seemingly reasonable request turned the Chicago family's home hunt upside down, as there weren't many three-bedroom apartments on the North Side — where the family was looking — that came with yard space. Still, McClain and her husband chose to honor their 4- and 6-year-old's request.

“We worked with a few apartment brokers, and it was strange that many of them didn't even know if there was outdoor space, so they'd bring us to an apartment, we'd see that it didn't have a yard, and we'd move on.” said McClain, who runs Merry Music Makers in Lakeview, a business focused on music education for children.

McClain's little ones aren't the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters' views weigh heavily on parents' real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2.000 U.S. adults.

Renters paid attention to their kids' preferences even more: 83 percent said their children's opinions will be a factor when they buy a home.

The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan Hooper, clinical psychologist in Chicago.

“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system.” he said.

Younger children should feel like they're choosing their home - without actually getting a choice in the matter, said Adam Leitman Bailey, real estate attorney based in New York and author of the upcoming children's book “Home.” about the search for the perfect home from the viewpoint of a child.

Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home — or asking them where their toys would go in the house - will make them feel like they're being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.

Many of the aspects of homebuying aren't a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita. Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.

She has a client who has been house-hunting for a while, and he always asks his young children their opinion. But when this buyer finally decided to write an offer on a home with a pool, his children burst into tears because they didn't want a pool.

“They ended up not submitting an offer.” Hampson said. “So speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn't base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions.”

The other issue is that many children — especially older ones — may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, which tend to focus on superficial aspects of real estate, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside. Calif.

“They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us, he said."HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate. It's not shelter, it's a lifestyle. With that mindset change comes some serious money consequences.”

Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said. And while their opinions on those elements shouldn’t reign supreme, the homebuying process could be a time to start talking to kids about money, budgeting, homeownership and other financial decisions.

“Their opinions can change tomorrow,.” Gurner said. " As as harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child's opinions but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best- and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their Own.”

This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children. despite the current housing crunch.

 Today, wannabe homebuyers have to be more open when it comes to must-haves and what you can compromise on.Hampson said.

And speaking of compromise: The McClain kids, hungry for outdoor space fell in love with a home in the North Park neighborhood that had a large yard. But it wasn't ideal by their parents' standards.

The family ended up renting a house in North Center that had a smaller yard,but it was still big enough for playtime.

“I had to do a bit of a sales job with the kids since they loved the yard in North Park, " McClain said. "But there’s a hammock they lounge on, a spot to jump rope. a place to play in the sprinkler, and an area to write with sidewalk chalk.

 

 

Section III Translation

46.Directions:

Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)

  It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot. He had such a pleasant. readable style that are might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say. “I could write a book. I just haven’t the time" Easily said. not so easily done. James Herriot. contrary to popular opinion did not find it easy in his early days of. as he put it .”having a go at the writing game”

While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent. the final polished work that he have to the world was the results of years of practicing. re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors. he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way. but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the  literacy field was no exception.

Section IV  Writing

47.Directions:

Suppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic.Write him an email to

1）suggest a specific topic with your reasons, and

2）tell him about your arrangement.

You should write about 100 words neatly on your answer sheet.

Do not sign your own name, use “Li Ming” instead.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

48.Directions:

White an essay based on the chart below.In your writing,you should

1）interpret the chart,and

2）give your comments.

You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)

	某高校2013和2018年毕业生去向

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

答案速查与解析

1-5：CDAAC    6-10：ADCBD    11-15：ACBDB     16-20：CBDAD

21-25：DCACA

26-30：AACBD

31-35：CDBAB

36-40：BBDDB

41-45：DGFCB

 

1.【答案】 C

【考点】 逻辑

【解析】 本文开头******句说，定期称重是能够知晓自己体重变化的一个好办法。第二句提到如果 too often , 这个习惯有时会hurt有害。所以很明显是语义的转折，所以选【C】However.

2.【答案】 D

【考点】 语义

【解析】 本句说这个习惯会害处多于____，肯定是多于好处，所以只能选择【D】help.

3.     【答案】 A

【考点】 语义

【解析】 ******段主旨已明确就是经常称重不好，接下来就写到了自身的经历。我每天称重导致我 shift focus from… to…，从关注健康到____关注秤（上的数字）。这里需要一个副词，答案选【A】solely , ******地，仅仅，也就是说只关注秤（上的数字）。【B】occasionally 偶尔；【C】formally 正式地；【D】initially 首先  均不符合语义。

4.【答案】 A

【考点】 语义

【解析】 这里的only跟前面的solely是对应。But前面是gain weight，那么后面说自己只想着减掉秤上的数字，只能选择【A】lowering.

5.【答案】 C

【考点】 语义

【解析】 文中说我需要怎样训练才能达到目标，故选【C】reach.

6.【答案】 A

【考点】 语义

【解析】 本段******句出现also，说明还是继续在说称重有哪些不妥。每天称重不能提供准确____我在健身房里的努力和进步，这里选择【A】depiction 描写，描述；意思就是不能够准确描述我的努力和进步。其他选项的意思均不符合语义。

7.【答案】 D

【考点】 逻辑

【解析】 上一段已经提到我改变了训练计划。这里讲要三周或一个月的时间才能注意到体重的显著变化，所以只能选择【D】due to （由于）。【A】regardless of不顾，不管；【B】aside from除了；【C】along with与……一起。

8.【答案】 C

【考点】 语义

【解析】 上一题讲体重的变化要花很长时间才能注意到，那么这里提到了most……changes就是指那些可以不用花很长时间就可以看到的变化，所以选择【C】immediate 即时的，直接的。

9.【答案】 B

【考点】 语义

【解析】 for these reasons（鉴于这些原因），这道题就是送分题。

10.【答案】 D

【考点】  逻辑

【解析】  这里很明显前面是每天称，现在改成每月称2次，所以选择【D】instead 而。

11.【答案】 A

 【考点】 语义

 【解析】 因为减重不是我的目标，因此____体重对我来说不那么重要。【A】track追踪，跟踪（表现或进展情况），故选。

12.【答案】 C

 【考点】 语义

 【解析】 每两周称重一次使我能observe and____体重的变化。这里有and，表递进，先观察变化然后就是解释account for，故选【C】。【A】approve of同意，赞成；【B】hold onto抓紧，保持住；【D】depend on依靠，依赖。

13.【答案】 B

 【考点】 语义

 【解析】 这句是说“我是否应该____我的训练计划”，故选【B】adjust调整。

14.【答案】 D

 【考点】 语义

 【解析】 我使用称重的____来得知我的营养信息，故选【D】results.

15.【答案】 B

 【考点】 语义

 【解析】 这里有and并列，后面说的是体重减轻，而下文也提到了卡路里的摄入，所以只能选【B】hungry.

16.【答案】 C

 【考点】 语义

 【解析】 我感到饥饿，体重下降，这是一个信号，表明我需要增加每日的卡路里摄入，只能选择【C】sign迹象，信号。

17.【答案】 B

 【考点】 语义

 【解析】 停止每天称重这个____，选【B】decision决定。这是一个已经做出决定并已实施的事情，所以其他选项的“希望”“要求”“必要性”都不符合。

18.【答案】 D

 【考点】 语义

 【解析】 这里前面已经说每天称重是burden，那么一定要选贬义的形容词。因为每天早上称重让你大感失望，这是一种负担。所以选择【C】disappointing.

19.【答案】 A

 【考点】 逻辑

 【解析】 红花词because.因为我是根据目标来锻炼的，所以才能取得成功。

20.【答案】 D

 【考点】 词义

 【解析】 这里是总结，意思就是不要太迷恋秤，而是要关注你的外形和感觉等。obsess使痴迷，使迷恋或者对某事过分担忧。比如Mary is obsessing over her weight.玛丽一直为自己的体重所困。

 

21【D】细节题

【解析】根据题干关键词a good thing可定位到第1段***后一句话This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing. 题干中问的是because，所以解题需要看前面。******句“...guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child's growing grasp of social and moral norms.”这里是说内疚感出现的比较晚，随着孩子对社会和道德规范的掌握日益加深。第2句讲孩子会通过“对不起”这些表达来取悦父母朋友或者抚慰他们自己的良心，所以总结起来就是moral development道德发展，故选D。

 

22【C】细节题

【解析】此题定位到第2段第2句More important, guilt is deeply uncomfortable—it's the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. 划线部分是穿着装着石头的夹克，对应了选项burdensome.

23【A】细节题

【解析】根据题干rethinking定位到There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve，但题干中的aware对应下一句的recognition， adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren't binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. 情绪在某种情况下是有利的，在另一种情况下就是有害的，这里的有利和有害正好是选项中的opposing roles，所以选A。错误选项[D] emotions are context-independent情绪跟情况无关，所以是错的，如果改成context-dependent就与原文意思相符合。

24【C】细节题

【解析】根据题干定位到... guilt and sympathy (and its close cousin empathy) may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. 内疚和同情可能代表这合作与分享的不同途径。所以选C。

25【A】词汇题

【解析】该词所在原文they rated each child's overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions (like guilt and sadness) after moral transgressions. 他们在什么之后会产生同情或者一些负面的情绪，自然是做了错事之后，所以选择A. wrongdoings坏事，不道德行为。

26【A】推断题

【解析】根据题干定位到******段，“Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change.”（森林给予我们树荫和安宁，也给我们在对抗气候变化中带来更艰难的挑战），而本段***后一句The climate change (we are hastening) could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb. 森林会释放的二氧化碳比它吸收的要多，所以选A. forests may become a potential threat （森林可能是潜在的威胁）。

27【A】细节题

【解析】根据题干定位到第二段，“...may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now.”（可能需要降低森林如今的固碳能力），故选A（降低它们当前吸收碳的能力）。

28【C】细节题

【解析】根据题干定位到第三段，“... aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest”（...旨在努力修剪幼龄树苗和******森林的部分灌木），故选C （减低部分森林的密度）。

29【B】细节题

【解析】根据题干定位到第五段，“...to prioritize areas at greatest risk...”（优先考虑风险******的区域），故选B（先处理有严重威胁的区域）

30【D】态度题

【解析】结合文章主旨，尤其是文末的内容，“California's plan...should serve as a model.”（加利福尼亚计划应当作为一个模范），故选D（支持的）。其他三个选项基本都是永错项，可以直接排除。

31【C】细节题

【解析】这道题其实就是通过前两段找到这篇文章的主旨。******段******句写到了